Prediction, protection, preparation
Prediction: involves trying to forecast when an earthquake will happen and where it will take place, based on current knowledge. For example, Japan tries to monitor earth tremors with a belief that warning can be given, but this did not happen at Kobe. Experts struggle to pinpoint exactly where along a plate margin they will occur.
Protection: Constructing buildings so that they are safe to live in and will not collapse. E.g The Transamerica Pyramid, San Francisco.
Preparation: Organising activities and drills so that people know what to do if an earthquake happens. It involves hospitals, emergency services and inhabitants practicing for major disaster, including having drills in public buildings and a code of practice so that people know what to do to reduce the impact and increase their chance of survival.
Features of earthquake proof buildings
- Computer controlled weights on the roof to reduce movement
- Steel frames that can sway during earth movements
- Automatic window shutters to prevent broken glass falling
- Foundations sink into bedrock, avoiding clay
- 'Birdcage' interlocking frame
- Outer panels flexibly attached to steel structure
- Fire resistant building materials
- Rubber shock absorbers to absorb earth tremors
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